Three point, Atmospheric and Zero point perspective

Three point perspective is usually used for buildings when viewed from above or from below. It has three vanishing point, 2 horizontal and 1 vertical. Three point perspective exist when an object or structure is not parallel to the ground. In design, viewing an object at a three point perspective will make the design more interesting and thus the design won't be flat.

Atmospheric perspective refers to the perspective of an object which exist in nature or in atmosphere and the farther the object is the more they will disappear into the horizon. They have irregular shape which make it hard for us to draw the perspective lines. For example clouds, trees, bushes, scenery, etc.

Another type of perspective is the zero point perspective. The perspective has no vanishing lines and exist only when the parallel lines are in the scene. For example mountain range, sea, etc.

Two Point Perspective

Two point perspective is when we see the object from 2 point of view, meaning it have 2 vanishing point.

For example if we see a cube from a certain angle, instead of square we would be able to see the three dimensional shape of a cube. The sides of the cube would then origin from a certain point in the right side and in the left side, and these are the two points mentioned in two point perspective.

In drawing or sketching an object or objects with two point perspective, first you have to determine where the two vanishing points are. Then from that point, draw thin lines to make sure that the object's perspective is right. Then draw the objects according to the perspective lines.

One Point Perspective

Perspective is the way we see an object from certain angle or certain view.

Perspective can be divided into 2, they are linear perspective and atmospheric perspective.

Linear perspective;
The edge of a cube has three points, 1 horizontal and 2 verticals. Therefore in linear perspective we can say that there are three types of linear perspective, they are 1, 2, and 3 points of perspective.

One Point Perspective
It means we see an object from one point of view only, and the vanishing point is located at one place only.
Usually one point perspective is rarely used as most of the objects have either two or three point of perspective. One point perspective is usually used when drawing a tunnel or hallway where the perspective come from one point only. If we view an object for example a cube with one point perspective, the position of the cube would be parallel with our eyes, so all we see is a square and not a cube.

Texture

Texture is used to describe the characteristics of an object. Some examples of texture are smooth, rough, bumpy, grainy, sharp, etc.

Texture is divided into two types, they are organic textures and man-made textures. Organic textures are textures that can be found in nature for example the texture in leaf, animal's fur, rock, tree bark, etc.
Man-made textures are textures that cannot be found in nature, they are made by humans, for example steel, glass, cloth, etc.

Again texture can be further divided into four sections, they are abstract textures, invented textures, actual textures and simulated textures.
Abstract textures are textures that created by people using real object as reference then simplify the textures.
Invented textures are textures created by people, they may exist in nature or man- made.
Actual textures are textures that can be felt when touched.
Simulated textures are textures that created by people using real object as reference and they are almost exactly the same as the real object.

Color

Color is one of the most common element use in art and design. Color is often use to differentiate one object from the other by using different hues.

The color wheel consist of 12 colors. The primary colors are Red, Yellow and Blue. Together they form a triangle. Between red, yellow and blue, another triangle is form by mixing the primary color equally, they are orange, green and violet. By mixing red and yellow, it become orange, red and blue become violet, blue and yellow become green.  They are called secondary color. The last 6 colors are form by mixing the secondary color with the primary color, they are red-orange, orange-yellow, yellow-green, green-blue, blue-violet and violet-red.

Some basic color scheme are 

Monochrome which use only one color from the colou wheel,

Analogous which color choices are limited to the color beside the chosen color for example if you choose blue as your main color, your color scheme will consist of either blue-green or blue-violet or both.

Complimentary the color choices for this scheme is the color opposite from the chosen color. For example if you choose red as your main color, the color scheme is green.

There are many more color scheme such as split-complimentary, triadic and tetradic ( double-complimentary ).

Shapes

There are two kinds of shapes, geometric shapes and organic shapes.

Geometric shapes are shapes that are calculated, regular, man made and usually does not exist in nature. For example shape of a wall which is square or rectangle or honeycomb which is hexagon in shape.

Organic shapes are shapes that are irregular and can only exist in nature or originated from nature. Example can be found in plants, animals, clouds and many more.

We use shape as a tool to describe an object whether the object is round or square or even irregular. From the shape alone we are able to identify what object it is. For example if I draw a circle, most people will relate it to a ball which is round in shape, if a draw a square, people will relate it to tiles or other object which is square in shape.

Dots....

A dot never hold any significant meaning but in the world of design, dots are used to create outstanding artwork. Drawing technique that uses dots is called pointillism.

Pointillism is a drawing technique which apply small, distinct dots of pure colour to form an image. This technique were developed by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac in 1886. This technique requires the artist to blend and mix the colour spots into full range tones. One of the most famous artwork by Georges Seurat using pointillism technique was a painting called "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte". Georges spent two years to finish the painting.

Another famous artist who uses dots in their artwork is Yayoi Kusama. She uses bright colour dots in her artwork most of which exhibit her thematic interest in psychedelic colours, repetition and patterns. One of her work called "Ascension of Polka Dots on the Trees" was displayed at the Singapore Biennale 2006 on Orchard Road, Singapore.